Is IVF Acceptable According to the Quran

Muslims recognize that all life and death happens according to the Will of God. To strive for a child in the face of infertility is not considered a rebellion against Gods will. The Quran tells us, for example, of the prayers of Abraham and Zachariah, who pleaded with God to grant them offspring. Nowadays, many Muslim couples openly seek fertility treatment if they are unable to conceive or bear children. What Is In Vitro Fertilization? In vitro fertilization is a process by which a sperm and egg can be combined in a laboratory. In vitro, translated literally, means in glass. The resulting embryo or embryos fertilized in laboratory  equipment can then be transferred to the womans uterus for further growth and development. The Quran and Hadith In the Quran, God comforts those who face fertility difficulties: To God belongs the dominion of heavens and earth. He creates what He wills. He bestows female (offspring) upon whom He wills, and bestows male (offspring) upon whom He wills. Or He bestows both males and females, and He leaves childless whom He wills. For He is All-Knowledgeable All-Powerful. (Quran 42:49-50) Most modern reproductive technologies have only recently been made available. The Quran and Hadith do not directly comment on any specific procedure, but scholars have interpreted the guidelines of these sources to develop their opinions. The Opinion of Islamic Scholars Most Islamic scholars are of the opinion that IVF is allowable in instances where a Muslim couple is unable to conceive in any other way. Scholars agree that there is nothing in Islamic law which forbids many types of fertility treatment, provided the treatments do not go outside the bounds of the marriage relationship. If in vitro fertilization is chosen, the fertilization must be done with sperm from a husband and an egg from his wife; and the embryos must be  transplanted into the wifes uterus. Some authorities stipulate other conditions. Because masturbation is not allowed, it is recommended that the collection of a husbands semen be done in the context of intimacy with his wife but without penetration. Further, because refrigeration or freezing of a wifes eggs is not allowed, it is recommended that the fertilization and implantation occur as quickly as possible.   Assisted reproductive technologies  that blur marital and parental ties—such as donor eggs or sperm from outside the marriage relationship, surrogate motherhood, and in-vitro fertilization after a spouses death or divorce of the married couple—are forbidden in Islam.   Islamic experts advise that a couple must be very careful to avoid any possibility of contamination or accidental fertilization of the eggs by another mans semen. And some authorities recommend that IVF be chosen only after efforts at traditional man-woman fertilization have proved unsuccessful for a period of at least two years.   But since all children are viewed as a gift of God, in vitro fertilization employed under the proper conditions is entirely allowable for Muslim couples unable to conceive by traditional means.   Sources and Further Reading Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, et al. The Iranian ART Revolution: Infertility, Assisted Reproductive Technology, and Third-Party Donation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Middle East Womens Studies 4.2 (2008): 1–28. Print.Al-Bar, Mohammed Ali, and Hassan Chamsi-Pasha. Assisted Reproductive Technology: Islamic Perspective. Contemporary Bioethics: Islamic Perspective. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. 173–86. Print.Inhorn, Marcia C. Local Babies, Global Science: Gender, Religion and In Vitro Fertilization in Egypt. New York: Routledge, 2003.Ruling on in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Islam Question Answer, May 6, 2007.  Serour, G.I, and B.M Dickens. Assisted Reproduction Developments in the Islamic World. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics 74.2 (2001): 187–93. Print.

Myth Example

Essays on Myth Coursework Personal Myth Just as myths define cultural values, personal myths define family values and are links with the past. The story of ‘Granny May’ is a family myth which is a part of my family history and character. Personal Myth. As â€Å"distantly recalled memories,† myths are a part of every family history. These personal myths are often stories based on historical fact which are widely altered as they are handed down from generation to generation. Such myths are the links between the past and the present. They are an integral part of family history, and become a part of the character of each family member. My family myth centers round an old rifle which is mounted on the wall of the living room in my grandparents’ home. It is lovingly oiled and polished. Below it is a sepia-tinted, fading photograph of my great-great-grandmother, ‘Granny May.’ In the early twentieth century, as her husband struggled to establish a home in the open ranges, Gra nny May shot and killed a wild animal with this rifle. This is the bedtime story for generations of children in my family. The story varies, depending on the aunt, or uncle, who is the narrator. Granny May was a timid, diminutive woman who had never handled a firearm in all her life; she had left her baby napping on the back porch; the mountain lion sneaked up on the sleeping baby; granny grabbed her husband’s rifle and just shot it dead! Granny walking with Grandpa one evening, when a black bear suddenly made its appearance; Grandpa tripped at that crucial juncture; Granny grabbed his rifle and shot the bear! The wild animal may be a cougar, a bear, or a wolf; the time and scene of action may vary. What remains constant is Granny May’s courage and quick wits in the face of adversity. Just as myths define a culture’s values, this personal myth defines our family values. The myth embodies the struggles of our ancestors and their triumph over the elements and earl y hardships. Every member of my family holds the story of Granny May close to their hearts. It is our inspiration in times of trial. Each time anybody wavers in the face of a test, or lacks confidence, the question is asked: â€Å"What would Granny May tell you?†

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona Free Essays

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, as is virtue. Such is the case of the virtue of the character Desdemona, from the play The Tragedy of Othello, by William Shakespeare. Desdemona was shown as a low moral, virtue less female in the essay The Character of Desdemona by John Quincy Adams. We will write a custom essay sample on The Virtuous Character of Desdemona or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contrary to this, the modern reader can see that Shakespeare actually showed her to be a virtuous and loving person, whose own innocence lead to her demise. Is Desdemona a virtuous character? Is there anyone who can be so self-sacrificing? Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flaws- her treatment of Brabantio, her stubborn persistence about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief- to make her realistic. But the overall character of Desdemona is of high stature, it is her very innocence that makes her a victim of circumstance. As a young Venetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in her father’s home. This sheltering gave her an innate passion for all the things that she was denied. She was denied all things that a modern day women would be allowed to do, including the right to fall in love with someone free of social status, age or race. She then falls in love, probably for the first time, with a man several years older than herself, from a faraway land, and of a different race. She is captivated by the man’s stories and wishes she were a man so that she might also have an exciting life, the very life she was denied because of her being a women. Knowing that her father would disapprove of her marriage to such a man, she elopes with Othello. Desdemona is portrayed as a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in love with her husband. However, she is not a perfect character but her morals, and her virtues are still there. In the play Desdemona says to her father Brabantio, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for life and education; My life and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty†. No matter what the circumstances may be, she never stopped respecting her father. Though still she had to follow her heart. Her lover Othello says of her, â€Å"She gave me for my pains a world of sighs† (I,iii;168) However one person in time may see an event or character, another person in another time can perceive the same to be of completely different meanings. John Quincy Adams says that Desdemona lacks virtues and all she does is cause her father grief to his dying bed. He says that â€Å"the passion of Desdemona for Othello is unnatural, solely and exclusively because of his color. † Which if looked at by today†s standards would hold of no significance what the persons skin color is. Second he says that her elopement to him, and secret marriage with him, indicate a personal character not only very deficient in delicacy, but totally regardless of filial duty, of female modesty, and of ingenuous shame. Third he states, â€Å"her deficiency in delicacy is discernible in her conduct and discourse throughout the play. † Altogether he thinks that she has done nothing but wrong when she ran away for her love, and that she has low morals and no virtues because she has wronged her father. In contrast to what John Quincy Adams said of the character of Desdemona, proof from the play itself states otherwise. â€Å"If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black†, John Quincy Adams uses that quote to illustrate how the skin color love affair had shown Desdemona to be of low morals, and that she had committed an unnatural thing. When as seen by today†s standards it is perfectly all right for two people of different races, ages, sexes, nationality and religions to be in love and to wed. Another quote from the play used by John Q. Adams is, â€Å"With the Moor, say’st thou? –Who would be a father? † that quote helps to illustrate how the father was hurt by the actions of his daughter. When in fact Desdemona meant no harm to her father, she simply wanted to do what†s right as is said by Iago, â€Å"She that was ever fair and never proud, Had tongue at will and yet was never loud†¦ (II,i;158). Also shown to us by Desdemona herself is how she felt towards her father all along, again proving wrong the portrayal of her by John Q. Adams, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for life and education; My life and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty†. Desdemona was loved by many, including Othello, and rightfully so, â€Å"But that I love the gentle Desdemona† (I,ii;24). Even John Q. Adams is quoted saying himself in his essay, â€Å"Desdemona, †¦ is amiable and lovely,† towards the top of his last paragraph. Even he in the end admitted to the fact that Desdemona’s character is amiable, lovely, virtuous, and still retains its morals. Many people from separate time periods can look at Desdemona in different ways. The modern reader will apply the modern aspects of life to the story and look at it from that perspective, while someone like John Quincy Adams looks at it from the vision of the time period he lived in. How to cite The Virtuous Character of Desdemona, Papers

Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative free essay sample

Research in social sciences largely depends on measurements and analysis and interpretation of numerical as well as non numerical data. Quantitative research methods focus on statistical approaches and qualitative methods are based on content analysis, comparative analysis, grounded theory, and interpretation. Quantitative methods- emphasize on objective measurements and numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires or surveys and qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena through interviews, personal comments etc. Quantitative and qualitative methods are studied within the context of positivist and henomenological paradigms. The application of research methods could be studied in the context of business and management or in social psychology to understand a social process. Some of the basic tools for qualitative or quantitative research are related to data collection methods which can be case studies, questionnaires or interviews. Research methods are focused on things like management issues or social process for example; a study on the interaction between age, physical exercise and gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some disadvantages and possible flaws of such methods may be related to abuse or isuse of interview techniques, inadequacy of data collection methods and reliability of data. The methodological approach and data collection techniques are important in research and form an important aspect of study. The case study approach is especially useful in analysis of business environments and perceptual mapping techniques are used for marketing research. Focus groups and surveys are used as other preferred methods of data collection, especially within business environments. Interpretive research can be considered as an important aspect of qualitative nalysis, although as with all qualitative data, subjective bias can be a deterrent in the validity of such approaches. In studying research methods, it would be necessary to highlight the differences between qualitative and quantitative methods although it has also been argued that an integrated approach to social analysis could close in the gap between quantitative and qualitative methods and both these methods could be used for social research studies. In fact there may not be a specified correct method of research as each method seems to have its strengths and weaknesses and

The History Of Dinosaurs Essays - Saurischia, Tyrannosaurus

The History of Dinosaurs The dinosaurs were reptiles that appeared about 230 million years ago. It's believed that they had scaly skin and some ate plants and others ate meat. Scientists don't know whether or not the dinosaurs were cold blooded, but they think the smaller ones were warm blooded, and the large ones were cold-blooded. In this report you'll learn about the earliest dinosaurs, the kinds of dinosaurs, and how the dinosaurs died. There are two main groups of the earliest dinosaurs: Thesaurischian, and the ornithischian First I'll tell you about the Saurischian. The Saurischian were the first main group of dinosaurs. The Saurischian had lizard like hip joints. In this group there is the Theropoda. These weird dinosaurs were meat eaters that walked on their hind legs. Also there was the Sauropoda. The Sauropoda were the plant eating dinosaurs that walked on all four legs. The second main kind of dinosaurs were the Ornithischian, which had bird like hip joints. There is only one group belonging to this group and that is the ornithopoda. The Ornithopoda were plant-eating dinosaurs that walked on two legs. There were also the armored and horned dinosaurs, which were also plant eaters. There were many, many different kinds of dinosaurs. Some of them are the Brachiosaurus, the Stegosaurus, the Triceratops, the Tyrannosaurus, and the Zizhongosaurus. All of the dinosaurs are in one of two major groups. Plant eaters or meat eaters. Some plant eaters are the Saltasaurus, the Kritosaurus, and the Datousaurus. Some Meat eaters are the Chilantaisaurus, the Poekilopleuron, and probably the most terrifying one of all, the Tyrannosaurus. During the Carboniferous Period (360 to 286 million years ago), dense tropical forests were concentrated along the equator. Decaying vegetation, compressed by overlying deposits of sand and mud, was gradually converted into coal. Coal deposits of Illinios, the Appalachians, Britain and Germany were originally formed in a continuous band which was dispersed when the continents drifted apart. The Mesozoic Era lasted from 245 until 65 million years ago. In the sea, marine communities began to assume a modern composition of molluscs and other invertebrates. On land, dinosaurs dominated faunas, and the first flowering plants appeared. At the beginning of the Mesozoic, all of the earth's continents were joined as the supercontinent Pangea. Some dinosaurs can swim and some can fly. The ones that swim have large, flat arms, or flippers, that help them through the water. The ones that fly usually have two legs and huge wings that can have a 30 foot wingspan! There are many theories about how the dinosaurs died. The most populaur one is that the weather became cooler, and the dinosaurs had no feathers or fur to protect them against the changing weather. Others are like a star exploded, but then how could some other speacies have lived. Another one is that an astioriod hit the earth and made the land dark for three, or so , years. So only the animals that could live on nuts or rotten plants could live. They also think that they have the rock. The dinosaurs came to rise in the earlier part of the Triassic period, and ecologically dominated our planet until the late cretaceous. Dinosaurs evolved from reptiles, and birds evolved from the dinosaurs (to clear up an erroneous myth circulating out there, the dinosaurs did not evolve into birds. The birds came from the dinosaurs). Dinosaurs have been divided into two main groups: Saurischians, or "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs, and Ornithchians, or "bird-hipped" dinosaurs Saurischians, in my opinion, are the better of the two groups. They include all dinosaurian predators and the sauropods, or animals such as Apatosaurus and other very large animals. The ornithchians essentially include everyone else; Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and all of the other herbivores. The saurischians are divided further into the theropods (animals that walked on two feet), and the sauropods, as mentioned above. Further information about these animals can be found in my two dinosaur databases, below. By now, most people are beginning to believe that dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Others believe that the dinosaurs were cold-blooded, and then there is the "muddy middle", or those who believe that the dinosaurs were some of both. This is known as the endo-ecto question, which asks whether the dinosaurs were endotherms (warm-blooded) or ectotherms

Generic Paper On A Speech fill in blanks

Generic Paper On A Speech fill in blanks Free Online Research Papers As I walked into the familiar _______________, I realized something was not the same. As I sat down and the surroundings began to sink in, I realized that it was brighter. There were two extremely powerful lights on either side of the room pointing at the stage. I was here to see _________________, the ________ who _____________ ,. The area he/she was speaking in was surprisingly small for someone of such importance. I was certainly expecting a larger forum. As I looked around, I noticed that the audience that had assembled contained quite an excellent melody of character. The first _________ rows were made up of people who were obviously ____________ ; a blend of beaming __________ , many of whom had _____________, and __________________ who appeared to be just as glad to be there. The further the room went back, the less _____________ the audience got. I had noticed that when I walked in there was a sign up sheet for a professor’s class. Many of the members in the rear area of the audience donned an ear bud in one ear, or covertly rattled away on a laptop. These students were here, not to hear the speaker, but rather to earn extra credit. The room was full of activity, but it abruptly silenced when an official looking _________ strode in. He/She was of average stature and build. His/Her face held many of the features of a _______________. He/She was wearing on a modern outfit. His/Her blouse/shirt and dress/pants were made up of _________ and designed in such a way that matched his/her features perfectly. He/She smiled revealing dazzling white teeth and took a seat next to the stage. After a brief introduction from a few ___________ officials, he/she climbed the platform and __________ over to the podium. The audience went silent at this point waiting only to hear his/her words. When those words came out, I saw looks of confusion throughout the room. He/She talked in the language of _____________ for a few sentences and quickly followed up with a translation. He/She was simply thanking us for being there and giving her/him this opportunity to speak. He/She started off talking about the. â€Å"___________________________.† He/She said. He/She referred_____. The first point is_________. Next,______________. Lastly,___________. He/She said____________. I was wondering where he/she was going with this, but I listened patiently. I couldn’t help but thinking that this kind of talk gave him/her the air of _______________ â€Å"Give quote.† He/She said. He/She talked about what he/she had done ______________, and _______________. This was all very inspiring, but these things were so big, and it just made me feel like saying, â€Å"__________ † Then he/she answered that exact question. He/She told us some simple, as well as unique things that we could do to make our lives _____________. Give examples from speech. One of the things that struck me the most was when he/she said we should________. Fill in details I laughed silently at this. â€Å"_____________________________________.† Now that most certainly seemed radical or reasonable, but then I thought about it. Fill in what you concluded.. Then _______________tied everything together in his/her closing. â€Å"This ______________ has to start with the people in the communities. We have to __________________________rather than __________________________.† That rang clear in my ears. It did have to start here. â€Å"Once we start ___________ by __________ it will have a ripple effect, spreading throughout America and eventually reaching the ____________, but it has start with the people.† He/She said. At the end, I got up and asked a question. â€Å"_____________________________________?† I asked. _______________ Answered, â€Å"Well it’s simple, just make your life better first, and do something like_____________. Then, hopefully your neighbors will try to keep up with the Jones’, and it will naturally spread throughout the community. You can’t expect __________to occur overnight.† He/She concluded. He/She took a few more questions before He/She announced that He/She had to go. He/She walked out and received__________ applause from the crowd. Clearly, ______________ speech as I was. He/She had made me think, and that is the mark of something that I find incredibly interesting. I was suspicious of _______ at first, as I am of all politicians, but after the first few minutes of his/her speech, it seemed that he/she should be ________________. His/Her policies on the _____________ revolved around the ________________________. His/Her words shattered the illusion that ____________________, and that ___________________________. His/Her powerful convictions made me yearn _____________, and inspired _________. His/Her ability to____________________________________. When that happens________________________. We must_______________________________, â€Å"It has to start here.† Research Papers on Generic Paper On A Speech fill in blanksThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTrailblazing by Eric AndersonLifes What IfsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

Sex and Gender Issues at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sex and Gender Issues at Work - Essay Example This paper dwells on a clear - cut case of Discrimination based on Sex. Under the circumstances, the client has no other alternative than to approach The Employment Tribunal to seek redressal for her grievance. The legal position with respect to the client's claim is that The Equal Pay Act of 1970(as amended on July 2003) makes it imperative for employers to pay the same wages for the same work to both men and women and that there should be no discrimination on the basis of gender. The Equal Pay Act 1970 (EPA) gives an individual a right to the same contractual pay and benefits as a person of the opposite sex in the same employment where the man and woman are doing. The E.P.A has been interpreted to cover indirect as well as direct sex discrimination. In other words, the E.P.A will be applicable to cases where the pay difference is due to a condition or practice, which applies to men and women but which adversely, affects a considerably larger proportion of one sex than the other and further, when it is not justifiable, irrespective of sex, to apply that condition or practice. Therefore, the client's employer has transgressed the law. Hence, the client can apply to The Employment Tribunal for claiming equal remuneration. The appropriate statutory procedure to be followed is that the aggrieved woman has to submit a written application regarding her grievance to her employer. After this, she has to allow twenty – eight days to elapse before she can approach The Employment Tribunal for redressal of her grievance.

Persuasive writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Persuasive writing - Essay Example Out of this number, at least 4,922 deaths occurred owing to the Ebola virus (The World Health Organization, 2014). So far, the key response to controlling the spread of Ebola has been total isolation of affected areas, restriction of travel to affected areas, and thorough medical screening of persons arriving from affected areas, and these strategies have not recorded much success. This present essay seeks to persuade the audience that the best strategy to deal with the Ebola virus is to send health workers from all different countries into the affected areas in order to curb the spread of this disease. Those against this proposition would argue that restricting movements within the affected countries and even entry and exit from the countries is the best strategy of curbing the spread of Ebola to other parts of the World. The reasoning behind this opposition is that by sending health workers from other countries, there is high chances the health workers could be infected with virus and in turn transfer it to other parts of the world where they will travel. So far restricting of travel within, to, and from the affected areas has not yielded much success since there are new infections been reported although the rate of new infections is slow, moreover, new cases are reported in country assumed to very precautious such as the United States and Spain (BBC News Africa, 2014). According to Jim Yong Kim, the World Bank Group President, the best way to deal with the Ebola epidemic is to move in areas that are worst hit and try to curb its spread from within those affected areas (The World Bank Group, 2014). Because Ebola is not a common disease it means that health workers in the affected countries are probably not trained or familiar with the best approach in which to care for those infected and even handling of dead bodies. A collection of health workers from

Unnatural Causes Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unnatural Causes - Movie Review Example Social class and racism are not natural causes for sickness and hence the title of the film ‘unnatural causes’. The film is similar with other media that I have seen, read, and heard on the issues of health disparities and how it relates to one’s social class in that people in the lower social class are prone to disempowerment. Their economic status is low due to lack of the necessary resources and opportunities and hence they tend to get sick more often and their life expectancy is low. The people in this class are subject to chronic stress and cannot have access to better medical care services. They tend to get sick more often and hence live shorter lives. Exposure to chronic stress of race in a lifetime often leads to delivery of premature babies thus affecting health and life expectancy (California Newsreel, 2008). The film confirmed biases I had in regards to being poor rich, that wealthy people lead better, longer and healthy lives as compared to the poor (Haitkin, 2008). The question that surfaced for me during the film that I would like to know more about is how the health status of the low social class can improve. With America having the highest gross national product in the world, how can the poor have access to medical care and training on health issues? The statement that best describes what I learnt from the film is that health inequalities are not natural. This is because, health disparities that are because of racial and class inequities arise from the decisions the society makes (California Newsreel, 2008). As a future nurse, I propose that the society or the government should try to ensure that everyone gains access to health care regardless of their wealth in order to live longer and healthier

Religion Essays Dharma: Daily impact on the lifes of Hindus

Religion Essays Dharma: Daily impact on the lifes of Hindus Dharma: Daily impact on the lifes of Hindus Introduction To Hinduism Assessment Question: Explain The Meaning And Significance Of Dharma, And Discuss How It Impacts On The Daily Life Of Hindus According to the Narayanan, the Sanskrit word Dharma, comes from the true implication of the phrase â€Å"to sustain,† and it is known to mean â€Å"truth, righteousness, duty, law and justice,† It is known that the first language that was in use in India was Sanskrit. It is known that Dharma is the trail of morality and living a life agreeing to the codes of conduct as portrayed by the Vedas and Upanishads. On the other hand the phrase is illustrated as â€Å"literally untranslatable† by many sources due to its variety of explanations in its initial form. Hindus portray Dharma as the existing, primary energy, which passes through all of reality. Dharma is set off upon this ever-existing, endless concept, and all meanings of Dharma are taken away from this concept. Arthur Avalon (1, 1918) gives a complete explanation of dharma in his work.  ´Ã‚ ´The overall Hindu Religion and Bharata philosophy says that the universe is prearranged. This cannot be a clutter of errata set jointly inadequately, where a relationship does not exist.. If there was very little Dharma, then this would lead to the world decomposed into pandemonium. But this is mainly said to be impossible, for even if chaos (Adharma), does take place, it be able to only pass through momentarily, for quite a long time, and in a number of sections of the whole. Dharma, nevertheless, from the initial Hindu’s philosophy, mustultimately assert itself. ¨ It is known that Dharma is more dependant upon the manners of ahuman being, in relation to their beliefs, which makes difficult the procedure of transmitting an obvious translation in to English. There are a lot of dissimilar articles and authors that find it hard to be in agreement on an explanation of dharma, in dictionary terms, due to its numerous connotations they have in their original perspective. It is not easy to get a reliable hint as to what dharma can be explained as when using a lot of sources. Generally explained as ‘law’, and factually as ‘that which upholds or supports’, this is from the source ‘Dhr’ which is known as to hold, which is almost certainly the source of the â€Å"to sustain† part of Narayanan’s definition comes from. It should also be considered in to account that dharma itself has many functions, including differences that have significance to different faiths. Here we observe at it in the Hindu perspective in particular. Previously outsiders such as the Persians, Greeks and English established the words â€Å"Hindu† and â€Å"Hinduism†, the belief was said to be named as vaidika dharma, that is, the Vedic dharma to the people that pursue. The single word that is known to mean more than dharma is â€Å"religion,† in the western world.  ´Ã‚ ´The prehistoric term dharma which in general is converted into English as belief has a more philosophical importance in Sanskrit language. Dharma is the essential issue; that will comprehend pour soi, the truth of everything before it had actually existed. Dharma is the godly thing that is working in our being. When any sin is carried out it is said to be dharma that is wronged, suggesting that deceitfulness has for the time being, conquered our inner being. ´Ã‚ ´. It could be said that there are noticeably inconsistencies, or at least, distinction in judgment of the meaning of dharma. So this means that it becomes hard to in a few words recap what the meaning of dharma is. One way to help portray the meaning of dharma is to may be observe the method that which the word is practised by Hindus – this may permit us to link the meaning of the word, which will clear up any doubts to its meaning. As the speculative implications of Dharma comprise something which is superior than sum of its sections, Hindus found a way to extrapolate Dharma, therefore they possibly will secure its whole supremacy. For instance, in a choice they may perhaps have to make, they would believe that the thought of what is dharmic, to assist them to settle on a specific path. Dharma’s wider meaning features the origin of present development. Dharma is known to be the everlasting directing force which has directed the original human passage on Earth. Hindus think that Dharma is the ultimate method for making the quality of life better, as cheerfulness relies on the inner growth of peace and happiness, as to go up against money-orientated luxuries. The development of dharma is known to be the target of God, and the education of dharma is said to be God’s purpose. All problems that arise in daily life come from unawareness, it is disputed, and to get rid of unawareness, is to exercise dhar ma, where dharma would be the ethical commandment Hindu’s follow. Hindu’s would split dharma into four groups; universal, human, social and personal. Dharma was known to be the heavenly commandment put in place by god when the universe was made, it endorses command. Dharma holds a lot of importance; the real quantity would be independently taken in to account as how it plays a role in life is hands of the believer. In terms of how it links to the religion’s remainder, it would level highly as a notion to be used universally all the way through life. Heuze describes the socio-economic suggestions of the dharmic idea:  ¨Dharma creates of this life a journey, in link with a significant theory, which is portrayed by a series of incarnations, the development of which is irritated by the strict law of dharma, and the social and political order demonstrated by the socio-economic chain of command of elitism and caste. ¨ Hindu’s acknowledge the theory of reinc arnation, which consists of the circle of life, which in turn contains birth, life, death and then re-birth. The primary belief, in basic terms, is behaviour of the current life, will settle on the life in the next. This only occurs if the Hindu believer fulfils and lives life in harmony with the Hindu teachings, they will develop by being re-incarnated into an improved form. This procedure of the dependence of the life after is known as Karma, which basically links in with the deeds carried out by the body and the mind. The process to attain good karma is to fulfil life in harmony to dharma, and its conditions. This includes undertaking the things that are morally correct on a personal basis, the family, and the class/caste and this could be done for the whole universe, which is where the four groups mentioned before come into play. As we can observe Hindus centre on dharma as a way of accomplishing overall goals. This trail of morality was portrayed in the holy books in Hinduism, known as the Upanishads and Vedas. We can now acquire a fairly good thought of what dharma actually is concerned with. It is known that Dharma is a notion which holds a large element of the believers’ lives. It is an ethical instruction which includes large parts of life, and as a result is relied upon a lot when carrying out everyday errands. It is a widespread idea that humans are accountable for the world, which associates with dharma, as dharma endorses a responsibility on Hindus to take care of the world on a personal level; this is in accord with the idea of the world being an addition of one self. The importance broadens to also some sources stating that human society is up held in particular due to dharma. It consequently justifies just how much importance is placed on the word. Noting the importance and power linked with the term Dharma, it is a test knowing where to begin when looking at how it affects the daily life of Hindu believers. Hinduism is a religion that centres on behaviour more than belief; on the other hand there is a lot of assortment when the issue rises of the guidelines and beliefs Hindus stick to live a good life according to them, which is known as dharma. An important concept that Hindis believe is that the behaviour, of which a Hindu can fulfil, weather worldly, or wholly religious have religious propositions and costs and all deeds should have praxis in mentality, which means the right behaviour. To appreciate what makes up dharmic behaviour, one must comprehend the Hinduism essentials. These are very close up associates between the godly and the physical. According to this, it known that family life, social order and the natural world are together all linked with godly order, and consequently the religious is immanent. As a result we can see how the importance of Dharma can be in opposition to itself to other views of life, if not all other. There are certain beliefs that the more modern and western world won’t link with religion, for instance it could be objects, your home, Hinduism would state how you do something around them would have got to be Dharmic by dong it with ‘praxis’ at thought. This can be rather mystifying to figure out, but the important matter to be conscious of is that Dharma acts as a daily part in our everyday lives by commanding itself on things that are meant to be religious as well as those material. To completely be grateful for the importance of dharma, one should appreciate the importance the term has, it has many words linked with it, such as karma and svabhava for instance, where svabhava is known as understanding. This is an illustration of the way dharma associates with another notion in Hinduism, and there is several more, varying from law, responsibilities, to relations within holy books. Dharma’s known to be more or less like a covering term to portray so many main important ideas within Hinduism. Hinduism, similar to a number of other religions, targets to not only direct society on an extensive level, but to also outline the life of a believer. As well as building up society through caste’s, it also builds up a person’s daily routine. The name given to this building up is known as ‘varnasramadharma’. The main aim is to imagine the upcoming day as he rises, with a plan to add to dharma and artha (wealth). It is in that case comprehensible that some younger Hindu’s might uncover this as a test. One may consider the four main goals of Hindu life in turn to completely reply to these questions, of which artha is an element to. Hindus completely agree upon the quest of Artha, or worldly gain, as the main, working section of dharma. Hogan describes Artha as the main, vital part of dharma:  ¨Periodically, I am intently analysing kama and artha, physical love and and socio-political power. These work strongly with fundamentals of Hindu metaphysical beliefs and with multiple religious and aesthetic philosophies . To ensure that we maintain simplicity, we have left out two other spiritual goals noted by the Sanskrit philosophers: dharmamoral duty, and moksa—the transcendence of the spirit. ´Ã‚ ´It can now be concluded that Dharma fundamentally makes up Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha contained by the Universe, and it stands for all of the paths of life for a typical Hindu believer. If you observe more closely into this philosophical diamond, it could be said that both time and space are a part of Dharma. Dharma also makes up all of dimension; therefore it is the designer and the creation is all of which we live through. Humankind builds up an important element of Dharma, we who know about Dharma, know about it for the reason of Dharma ´s will, so, we are fundamentally taking trail of the will of Dharma at every instant. Such a strong philosophical and metaphysical theory makes up the foundation for Hindu belief, yet Dharma enlarges more into Hindu religious practice. After doing this, we should take in to account Dharma ´s association to Kama, or sensual pleasure. Dharma ´s part as a primary being which motivates all action surely has a link to this crucial component of a Hindu ´s life. According to the traditional story, the Kama Sutra, we be taught more importantly, that it represents a lead to living. It is not simply a guide of sexual positions. The Kama Sutra is there to offer Hindu believers a way to achieving Kama:  ¨This is the cause for kama playing a part as an important role of dharma to the people who spoke Sanskrit: A person, the era of whose life is figured between 60 and 120 years ago, have to to carry out Dharma, Artha and Kama at a range of times, and due to such a purposeful manner that they may function together and not become hectic in any way. He must acquire teaching in his early days, he must think about the wants of Kama and Artha , and in his elderly times he have got to be in presence to Dharma, and through this he may try to find and get hold of Moksha, i.e. independence from more reincarnation. Or because of t he complexity of life, he may set out to to them at times when they have to be trained for a number of explanations. But a significant matter is to be considered, a person must show the way of life of a chaste student awaiting the time that he has finished his schooling. ´Ã‚ ´So far we have considered the main Hindu text and discovered that Dharma holds a natural link to the four major goals. As a result, Dharma stages an essential part in the quest and success of these goals, yet for the believer, Dharma does not finish with the success of such goals. Nevertheless, we must still look at the final goal of Moksha and its link to Dharma before we may conclude our study. Moksha makes up the gradual freedom of the soul from the torment of reincarnation. Hindus endeavour into obscure terrain when relating to Moksha, nevertheless moksha holds a very powerful link to Dharma. It could be said that the right pursuit of dharma shall lead to moksha. The goal of the Dharmic man is to attain moksha. For moksha is that condition in which one has united with dharma, consequently, moksha is that success of the ideal state. Moksha characterises that poetic attitude towards Dharma, and is portrayed as: â€Å"These equal symbols represent the four different stages of Moksha, or Release from further bodily Transmigration and Reincarnation. The primary is Sayujyata, or incorporation into the existence of the Deity; the secondary is Samipyata, proximity to the Deity, the emergence of the spirit into the Divine Presence; the tertiary is Sarupata, or approximation to the Deity in physiology and material anatomy; the quarternary and finally is Salokata, or permanent resi dence in the heavens.† Dharma to Hindus is seen as a universal philosophical being whose supremacy enlarges into obligatory responsibility. While the theoretical significance of Dharma makes up an element which is better than the some of its roles, Hindus exposed an approach to extrapolate Dharma so that they may bind its strength. The primary study of Dharma lets the scholar to further study the dharmic suggestions. The suggestions of the Dharma enlarges into the socio-economic, political, and, certainly, religious views of life.  ´Ã‚ ´Monarchy stays put, even philosophically, trapped between religion and secularity, sacredness and mortaity, justified rule and accidental puissance, dharma and adharma. ´Ã‚ ´ such a universal theory classifies the cyclical, nonetheless combined nature of the Hindu religion. Surely, Dharma does grasp theoretical on top of useful significance, and the objective of every believer, in life is to bring together and achieve these objectives.

Virginia Woolf Essay -- essays papers

An Author’s Brush Virginia Woolf is not unlike any other truly good artist: her writing is vague, her expression can be inhibited, and much of her work is up to interpretation from the spectator. Jacob’s Room is one of her novels that can be hard to digest, but this is where the beauty of the story can be found. It is not written in the blatant style of the authors before her chose and even writers today mimic, but rather Jacob’s Room appears more like a written painting than a book. It is as if Woolf appeared tired and bored of the black and white style of writing that dominated her culture and chose to use a paintbrush to write her story. This individualistic technique is essential to how Woolf creates a portrait of Jacob, the title character of the novel. The portrait the reader gets of Jacob is entirely questionable throughout the entire story, just like any understanding of a human in life is more about opinion than fact. This is how Woolf captures life, the reader’s view of Jacob is almost completely based on interpretations from other characters. These various assessments of Jacob form together to make the collective portrait of Jacob. Woolf states that â€Å"Multiplicity becomes unity, which somehow the secret of life† (147), the secret of the novel as well. The impressions of Jacob are from many different types of characters in the book. There are random people that we don’t even get the name of, Jacob’s own mother, those that love Jacob and even those whom Jacob love. All these impressions are woven on a common thread, that all human being’s have a need to break isolation and cherish attention, love and concreteness. Jacob’s mother, Betty Flanders, sets up her portrait of Jacob as a son that she has lost. Betty Fland... ...s less a true depiction of Jacob himself, but rather the people that tried to interpret him. Jacob's Room is not finally about Jacob, but about the world that forms him. Trying to understand Jacob is task that is just as difficult as finding a place for his empty shoes, at best those who felt closest to Jacob were just observers of his life, â€Å"observer(s)...choked with observations† (75). The portrait of Jacob created from the novel is less a portrait and more like a â€Å"cavern of mystery, endowing Jacob Flanders with all sorts of qualities he had not at all† (80). Our portrait of Jacob is painted to us by Virginia Woolf about the dubiety, skepticism and wonder over true human existence and if it is at all possible to achievew it. Jacob’s own room is exactly that, something so real and physical that is at the same time departed and lifeless. Bibliography:

Properties of Solutions Essay

A solution is a mixture of materials, one of which is usually a fluid. A fluid is a material that flows, such as a liquid or a gas. The fluid of a solution is usually the solvent. The material other than the solvent is the solute. We say that we dissolve the solute into the solvent. Some solutions are so common to us that we give them a unique name. A solution of water and sugar is called syrup. A solution of sodium chloride (common table salt) in water is called brine. A sterilized specific concentration (0.15 molar) of sodium chloride in water is called saline. A solution of carbon dioxide in water is called seltzer, and a solution of ammonia gas in water is called ammonia water. A solution is said to be dilute if there is less of the solute. The process of adding more solvent to a solution or removing some of the solute is called diluting. A solution is said to be concentrated if it has more solute. The process of adding more solute or removing some of the solvent is called concentrating. The concentration of a solution is some measurement of how much solute there is in the solution. It might initially offend your sensibilities to consider a solution in which the solvent is a gas or a solid. The molecules of a gas do not have much interaction among them, and so do not participate to a large extent in the dissolving process. Solids are difficult to consider as solvents because there is a lack of motion of the particles of a solid relative to each other. There are, however, some good reasons to view some mixtures of these types as solutions. The molecules of a gas do knock against each other, and the motion of a gas can assist in vaporizing material from a liquid or solid state. The fan in a ‘frost free’ home freezer moves air around inside the freezer to sublimate any exposed ice directly into water vapor, a process clearly akin to dissolving. Solid metals can absorb hydrogen gas in a mixing process in which the metal clearly provides the structure. True solutions with liquid solvents have the following properties: PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS 1.The particles of solute are the size of individual small molecules or individual small ions. One nanometer is about the maximum diameter for a solute particle. 2.The mixture does not separate on standing. In a gravity environment the solution will not come apart due to any difference in density of the materials in the solution. 3.The mixture does not separate  by common fiber filter. The entire solution will pass through the filter. 4.Once it is completely mixed, the mixture is homogeneous. If you take a sample of the solution from any point in the solution, the proportions of the materials will be the same. 5.The mixture appears clear rather than cloudy. It may have some color to it, but it seems to be transparent otherwise. The mixture shows no Tyndall effect. Light is not scattered by the solution. If you shine a light into the solution, the pathway of the light through the solution is not revealed to an observer out of the pathway. 6.The solute is completely dissolved into the solvent up to a point characteristic of the solvent, solute, and temperature. At a saturation point the solvent no longer can dissolve any more of the solute. If there is a saturation point, the point is distinct and characteristic of the type of materials and temperature of the solution. 7.The solution of an ionic material into water will result in an electrolyte solution. The ions of solute will separate in water to permit the solution to carry an electric current. 8.The solution shows an increase in osmotic pressure between it and a reference solution as the amount of solute is increased. 9.The solution shows an increase in boiling point as the amount of solute is increased. 10.The solution shows a decrease in melting point as the amount of solute is increased. 11.A solution of a solid non-volatile solute in a liquid solvent shows a decrease in vapor pressure above the solution as the amount of solute is increased. These last four of the properties of solutions collectively are called colligative properties. These characteristics are all dependent only on the number of particles of solute rather than the type of particle or the mass of material in solution. OTHER TYPES OF MIXTURE Take a spoonful of dirt and vigorously mix it with a glass of water. As soon as you stop mixing, a portion of the dirt drops to the bottom. Any material that is suspended by the fluid motion alone is only in temporary suspension. A portion of the dirt makes a true solution in the water with all of the properties of the above table, but there are some particles, having a diameter roughly between 1 nm and 500 nm, that are suspended in a more lasting fashion. A suspended mixture of particles of this type is called a colloid, or colloidal suspension, or colloidal dispersion. For colloids or  temporary suspensions the phrase dispersed material or the word dispersants describes the material in suspension, analogous to the solute of a solution. The phrase dispersing medium is used for the material of similar function to a solvent in solutions. As with true solutions, it is a bit of a stretch to consider solids as a dispersing medium or gases as forming a large enough particle to be a coll oid, but most texts list some such. A sol is a liquid or solid with a solid dispersed through it, such as milk or gelatin. Foams are liquids or solids with a gas dispersed into them. Emulsions are liquids or solids with liquids dispersed through them, such as butter or gold-tinted glass. Aerosols are colloids with a gas as the dispersing medium and either a solid or liquid dispersant. Fine dust or smoke in the air are good examples of colloidal solid in a gas. Fog and mist are exampes of colloidal liquid in a gas. Liquid dispersion media with solid or liquid dispersants are the most often considered. Homogenized whole milk is a good example of a liquid dispersed into a liquid. The cream does not break down into molecular sized materials to spread through the milk, but collects in small micelles of oily material and proteins with the more ionic or hydrophilic portions on the outside of the globule and the more fatty, or oily, or non-polar, or hydrophobic portions inside the ball-shaped little particle. Blood carries liquid lipids (fats) in small bundles called lipoproteins with specific proteins making a small package with the fat. Proteins are in a size range to be considered in colloidal suspension in water. Broth or the independent proteins of blood or the casein (an unattached protein) in milk are colloidal. There are many proteins in the cellular fluids of living things that are in colloidal suspension. Colloidal dispersants in water stay in suspension by having a layer of charge on the outside of the particle that is attractive to one end of water molecules. The common charge of the particles and the water solvation layer keep the particles dispersed. A Cottrel precipitator collects the smoke particles from air by a high voltage charge and collection device. Boiling an egg will denature and coagulate the protein in it. Proteins can be fractionally ‘salted out’ of blood by adding specific amounts of sodium chloride to make the proteins coagulate. The salt adds ions to the liquid that interfere with the dispersion of the colloidal particles. Colloids with liquid as a dispersing agent have the following properties: PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS 1.The particles of dispersant are the between about 500 nm to 1 nm in diameter. 2.The mixture does not separate on standing in a standard gravity condition. (One ‘g.’) 3.The mixture does not separate by common fiber filter, but might be filterable by materials with a smaller mesh. 4.The mixture is not necessarily completely homogeneous, but usually close to being so. 5.The mixture may appear cloudy or almost totally transparent, but if you shine a light beam through it, the pathway of the light is visible from any angle. This scattering of light is called the Tyndall effect 6.There usually is not a definite, sharp saturation point at which no more dispersant can be taken by the dispersing agent. 7.The dispersant can be coagulated, or separated by clumping the dispersant particles with heat or an increase in the concentration of ionic particles in solution into the mixture. 8.There is usually only small effect of any of the colligative properties due to the dispersant. CONCENTRATION The concentration of a solution is an indication of how much solute there is dissolved into the solvent. There are a number of ways to express concentration of a solution. By far the most used and the most useful of the units of concentration is molarity. You might see ‘6 M HCl’ on a reagent bottle. The ‘M’ is the symbol for molar. One molar is one mol of solute per liter of solution. The reagent bottle has six mols of HCl per liter of acid solution. Since the unit ‘molar’ rarely appears in the math of chemistry other than as a concentration, to do the unit analysis correctly, you will have to insert concentrations into the math as ‘mols per liter’ and change answers of ‘mols per liter’ into molar. Molality is concentration in mols of solute per kilogram of solvent. Mol fraction is the number of mols of solute per number of mols of solution. Weight-weight percent (really mass percent) is the number of grams of solute pe r grams of solution expressed in the form of a percent. Mass-volume concentration is the number of grams of solute per milliliter of solution. There are other older units of concentration, such as BaumÃÆ'ƒÂ ©, that are still in use, mainly in industrial chemicals. Normality is the number of mols of effective material per liter. In acid-base titrations, the hydroxide ion of bases and the hydrogen (hydronium) ion of acids is the effective material. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)  has two ionizable hydrogens per formla of acid, or one mol of acid has two mols of ionizable hydrogen. 0.6 M H2SO4 is the same concentration as 1.2 N H2SO4. We say that sulfuric acid is diprotic because it has two protons (hydrogen ions) per formula available. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is monoprotic, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is triprotic, and acids with two or more ionizable hydrogens are called polyprotic. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is monobasic, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is dibasic, and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is tribasic. Where ‘X’ is the number of available hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in an acid or base, N, the normality, is equal to the molarity, M, times X. The normality system can be used for redox reactions, but the effective material is now available electrons or absorption sites for electrons. Consider the following reaction, #43 in the redox section. In a sulfuric acid solution potassium permanganate will titrate with oxalic acid to produce manganese II sulfate, carbon dioxide, water, and potassium sulfate in solution.

Holocaust Survivor Stories

Holocaust Survivor Stories King,Julie KingMs. ReidEnglish 2201December 13 2013The Holocaust was a time period between January 30 th 1933 to May 8 th 1945 when six million Jews were murdered bythe Nazis during World War 2 [The Holocaust: An Introductory History]. By the end of the Holocaust, two out of everythree European Jews had been killed. 1.5 million children had been murdered, and 1.2 million of those children wereJewish. The rest of the children were either Gypsy or handicapped. Holocaust survivor Abel Herzberg stated: "There werenot six million Jews murdered; there was one murder, six million times." The Holocaust is a history oftorturous events, horror, and sorrow. Although a great number of people were murdered by the Nazis, there's an estimateof 3 million survivors who were willing to share their stories [ BÂ ¼low ].Miriam Rosenthal is a 91 year old Holocaust survivor who currently resides in Toronto, Canada. Rosenthal was one outof seven women able to give birth in he barracks during the cold winte rs inside of sub-camp, Kaufering I in Dachau - oneKing,of the Nazi's first concentration camps. While Rosenthal was four-months pregnant in Auschwitz, an SS officer ordered allpregnant women to line up since their food portions were being doubled. Rosenthal did not step forward, instead she statedthe following: "Something was holding me back. Someone was watching over me. I feel maybe my mother; maybe God."Two hundred women lined up to be deceived by the officers, since the statement was a lie and every woman who lined up,even the ones who weren't pregnant and just wanted more food, got sent to the crematorium to be burned to death.statem A short period of time later two SS men appeared at the Messerschmidt...Block 10 - Medical experimentation block in Auschw...

Davinci Apps The WritePass Journal

Davinci Apps Abstract Davinci Apps saw an increasing unemployment rate of 9.5 followed by a decrease over the 2013 fiscal year (Istat.it, 2014). Standards and Poor’s currently ranks Italy a BBB+ with Moody’s a Baa2 alongside a negative outlook (Grmag.com, 2014:2). 2010 witnessed Italy with an estimated world share of GDP of 2.41 %; however, the 2015 estimate indicates a decrease to 1.98% (Grmag.com, 2014:1). This fact supports the Real GDP numbers that indicate a continual decrease in economic strength for the nation as a whole (Istat.it, 2014:1). However, recent trends suggest that a positive turnaround is possible increasing economic viability (Istat.it, 2014:1). 1.3 Hofstede Value Italy compared to Japan Hofstede’s model is a valued method of assessing cultural differences in order to gain fuller understanding (Signorini, Wiesemes and Murphy, 2009). 1.3.1 Power distance Power distance is commonly identified as â€Å"the extent the less powerful entities within a country expect power to be distributed equally† (Hofstede, 2011:45). Northern Italy  scores a 50 which speaks to the preference for equality and decentralisation of power and decision-making (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014:1). However, in Southern Italy the PDI are high and nearly the very opposite of Northern Italy. The related score of 54 illustrates that Japan is similar in this context, speaking to the recognition of value in equality by both cultures (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). 1.3.2 Individualism This segment has to do with whether people ´s self-image plays a cultural role (Hofstede, 2011). .With a score of 76,  Italy is rated as an Individualistic culture, which in turn creates a â€Å"me† centred society (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014:1). This effect is felt most in the North where people feel alone in the middle of a big crowd. Southern Italy exhibits less individualistic behaviour which is present in the family network as well as the group each one belongs (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). In this culture, events including weddings or Sunday lunches cannot be missed. Standing in contrast to the Italian score is the collective score of 46 for Japan, indicating an area of substantial cultural difference (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). Individualism is often frowned upon by the Eastern approach 1.3.3 Masculinity A high score (masculine) on this segment is indicative of a society driven by competition, success and achievement. Conversely, a lower score (feminine) indicates societal values including caring for others and an increased quality of life (Hofstede, 2011). At 70  Italy is a masculine society – meaning it is very highly success oriented (Geert-hostede.com, 2014:1). As an example that this society holds, their offspring are taught at an early age that competition is beneficial.  It is common for the Italian culture to illustrate success by status symbols such as cars, houses, yachts and vacations to exotic countries. This factor adds to the factor that competition among colleagues for making a career can be very strong (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). Much like Italy Japan ranks as a very masculine society with a rating of 95 (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). 1.3.4 Uncertainty avoidance This component addresses members of a culture feel that may threaten by ambiguous or events and has created institutions in order to avoid these circumstances (Hofstede, 2011). At 75, Italy scores high on uncertainty avoidance (Geert-hofestede.com, 2014). This is an indication that Italians are not comfortable in uncertain situations. Formality in Italian society is a critical element of day to day activities with this fact represented by the strict Italian penal and civil code (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). It is common for emotion to play a role in society and culture with individuals that cannot keep them inside and must express them. At a score of 92, Japan is considered one of the most uncertainty avoiding nations in the world (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). This is an area that is mirrored closely is both cultures, making integration easier. 1.3.5 Pragmatism This element focuses on how people in the past as well as today deal with the fact that so much that happens cannot be truly explained (Hofstede, 2011).   In this category Italys high score of 61 illustrates that the Italian culture is relatively pragmatic. The people believe that truth depends on the situation, time and context. Boasting a score of 88 Japan is one of the most pragmatic societies (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). 1.3.6 Indulgence This element is the extent to which people try to control their desires (Hofstede, 2011). Weak control is â€Å"indulgence† and strong control is â€Å"restraint†. With the score of 42, Japan is deemed to be a culture of restraint.30 demonstrates that the Italian culture is one of restraint (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). 2 Business and management culture in Italy 2.1 Values and Globalization As the Geer-hofstede.com (2014) results indicate the Italian culture heavily prefers an equal centre of power. The individualistic nature of the Italian value system will require substantial adjustment on the part of a collective culture Japanese transfer. Erikson (2007) argues that the migrants into the Italian culture often fare well as there are several beneficial transnational entrepreneurship assets. There is a very high Italian cultural value placed on the family, and social functions, which can in turn lead to social acceptance (Society, 2014). The topics of family, food, women, weather and love top the list of common discussions in Rome. This societal value system reaches back to the base difference between the Confucian, or Oriental method of collective thinking that recognizes that each element is related as opposed to the Aristotelian method of treating each component on an individual basis (Noble, Sander and Obenshain, 2013). There is a distinct separation of value as regards the areas of self-expression and autonomy with the individualistic Italian culture, illustrating a lasting commitment to a more outspoken nature (Noble et al, 2013). As a whole, Rome is considered an individualistic culture when compared to the interdependent society of Japan (Tierney, 2014). The Geocentric approach illustrated by the population of Rome recognizes the potential for gain in the emerging markets, making integration popular in the region (Cicione, 2014). 2.2 Decision making With a distinct separation from the Japanese cultural tradition of holism, the Italian culture focuses on analytical decision making utilizing a methodical approach for each individual element (Tierney, 2014). In addition to the highly competitive environment, the shift from the Japanese method of Collectivism to the Italian Individualism will require substantial adjustment for new transfers (Nobel et al, 2014). 2.3 Negotiation Communication Societal differences can have a direct impact on the method of communication and negotiation (Solomon and Schell, 2009). A person living in an individualistic society, such as Italy, will commonly make self-centred decisions (Tierney, 2014). This is opposed to the collective tendency shown in the Japanese culture. Further, the individualistic culture does not place the value on age and experience that the Japanese collective culture does, making each interaction with Italian citizens more complex (Nobel et al, 2013). 2.4 Leadership Cultural Intelligence It is necessary to understand a culture in order to become an effective leader (Nobel et al, 2014). As there is a highly independent nature among the Italians, each of their decisions will be based on what is best for that person, as opposed to the group mentality found in Japanese society. There is a high tendency of the Italian society to want a transactional form of leadership that remains open and prefers teamwork (Euwema, Wendt and Van Emmerik, 2007). Too much oversight in the workplace is construed as a reflection of the individual work tendencies. This stands in sharp contrast to the collective leadership tendencies most firms exhibit in Japan (Nobel et al, 2014). There is a strong need for the Italian culture to possess personal views and objectives, making each one an individualistic effort (Tierney, 2014). However, this element is tempered with the high value on family and collective infrastructure, which is similar in Japan (Nobel et al, 2014). The autocratic strain of lea dership is the found in Italy in contrast to the more Confucian, or male leader approach found in Japan (Nobel et al, 2014). With a much wider acceptance of the female in the role of leadership, there is a reduced amount of social bias associated with the genders, making the Italian culture easy to integrate into (Tierney, 2014). Further, this perception of bias in the workplace is reduced making potential success realistic in the workplace. 3 Conclusion This report has highlighted several elements that should be considered during the coming move. With a clear difference between the Japanese and Italian/Roman cultures, there are many pitfalls to avoid. Yet, the similarities inherent in each culture provide a sound beginning point from which to progress. Three points of advice have been developed as a consequence of this analysis: 1) The Hofstede model as well as the corresponding literature has illustrated the individualistic tendencies of the Roman culture, yet, there is a very strong undercurrent of social associations becoming beneficial. In order to more easily assimilate, both in the work place and socially, find a social expression that actively involves the person with the Italian culture. In this case that could be religion, sports or hobbies that take place in the company of others. 2) In the process of leadership, recognize the individual needs of each person. The Italian society operates in a manner that is based on competition and personal accomplishment rather than the larger collective organisation. In order to foster the best possible work environment there will be a need to amend the workplace expectations. 3) As reflected in the both the Italian and Japanese culture, there is a high value placed on the capacity for a person to have personal restraint and integrity. The best possible method of accruing respect in the work place is to have a plan in place that is both balanced and well considered, and in the presence of controversy present a calm exterior. This will translate into a perception of calm competency, which is highly prized in Roman culture. In the end, this report has illustrated that there are many similar elements between the cultures of Japan and Italy, yet, substantial differences. Will careful consideration alongside informed action, the transfer from the Japan office of Davinci Apps has every expectation of being a well throughout enterprise that will be of great value to each person involved. References Cicione, M. 2014.  Culture Traditions in Rome, Italy. [online] Available at: http://traveltips.usatoday.com/culture-traditions-rome-italy-11465.html [Accessed: 17 Mar 2014]. Eriksen, T. H. 2007.  Globalization. Oxford: Berg. Euwema, M. C., Wendt, H. and Van Emmerik, H. 2007. Leadership styles and group organizational citizenship behavior across cultures.  Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28 (8), pp. 10351057. Geert-hofstede.com. 2014.  Italy Geert Hofstede. [online] Available at: http://geert-hofstede.com/italy.html [Accessed: 17 Mar 2014]. Gelf, Erez, M. and Aycan, Z. 2007. Cross-cultural organizational behavior.  Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58 pp. 479514. Gfmag.com. 2014.  Italy GDP Data Country Report | Global Finance. [online] Available at: gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/249-italy-gdp-country-report.html#axzz2w6DeKZCE [Accessed: 17 Mar 2014]. Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context.  Online readings in psychology and culture, 2 (1), p. 8. Istat.it. 2014.  Istat.it. [online] Available at: istat.it/en [Accessed: 17 Mar 2014]. Kaltenbrunner, A., Arag\On, P., Laniado, D. and Volkovich, Y. 2013. Not all paths lead to Rome: Analysing the network of sister cities.  arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.6900. Nobel, D., Sander, J. and Obenshain, C. 2013. Using microworlds to understand cultural influences on distributed collaborative decision making in C2 settings. Shi, X. and Wang, J. 2011. Interpreting Hofstede Model and GLOBE Model: Which Way to Go for Cross-Cultural Research?.  International Journal of Business \ Management, 6 (5). Signorini, P., Wiesemes, R. and Murphy, R. 2009. Developing alternative frameworks for exploring intercultural learning: a critique of Hofstedes cultural difference model.  Teaching in Higher Education, 14 (3), pp. 253264. Society, N. 2014.  Rome Cultural Tips National Geographics Ultimate City Guides. [online] Available at: http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/rome-cultural-tips/ [Accessed: 17 Mar 2014]. Solomon, C. and Schell, M. S. 2009. Managing across cultures: The 7 keys to doing business with a global mindset.  McGraw-Hill, Inc.. Tierney, W. G. 2008.  The impact of culture on organizational decision-making. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Pub.

CONTRACT MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CONTRACT MANAGEMENT - Essay Example For instance, during the post period of World War II, various political agreements were formulated and implemented with the intention of reducing or eliminating trade barriers amid nations. In this respect, General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) was recognized to be the most effective trade policy for the US towards increased trade opportunities in the global periphery (US Department of State, 1999). It was also in this period that development of technology became quite apparent and swerving as it was perceived to minimize the distance among countries as well as reduce geographical constraints; thus, facilitating better trade in the international context (Schmidt, 2001). The progress in telecommunication technologies also facilitated with better communication opportunities for better exchange of goods and information amid countries. The advancement of technology was also identified to improve the transportation services between countries for effective conveyance of goods throu gh international trade. ... Moreover, the discussion will also emphasize on the impact the changes in trade and technology have on contract management even in the current era. Changes in Trade and Technology after the World War II which are affecting US Corporations In the post World War II period, it was observed that trade agreements have been formulated by policymakers with the intention of minimizing or eliminating trade barriers amid countries. Apparently, there was rapid development in trade activities and technology since the post period of World War II. Since then, the US has been committed towards the achievement of free trade opportunities with the objective of developing its economic stability and political growth. The open trade activities were further expected to facilitate the country in developing its economy as well as building healthy relationship amid nations. It was also observed in this context that the US was more concerned about trade liberalization with the aim of conducting trade activit ies with minimized barriers among countries. In order to acquire a liberalized trade policy, the US further formulated GATT with the intention of reducing trade barriers which was signed by 23 countries in the year 1948. The ‘Free Trade Agreement’ also initiated after World War II, i.e. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) again facilitated the US corporations to perform their business operations in worldwide market segments with minimized trade restrictions. As a consequence, the rapid expansion of international trade activities increased market competition among corporate sectors of the US minimizing the inflation pressure for protecting the domestic

David cole interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper + David cole on the Phil Essay

David cole interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper + David cole on the Phil Donahue Show - Essay Example However, Anne and Margot (her sister) changed course to Bergen-Belsen as they were young individuals and had a lot of energy necessary for labor duties in the context of Gestapo (Hanna 56). After the arrival of Eli Wiesel and his father to Birkenau Camp, they received orders of assignment to a barrack located the Gypsy Camp. They were miraculously spared death just as they were about to step into the flaming fires that would eventually kill them. The Germans were afraid of the Soviet Union troops and they could not stand a chance against them and they could not also have the time to organize the captives. So it was up to the individual to make up his or her own mind. The design of the gas chamber was very distinct and it shows that its sole intention was to ferry something on a stretcher into the raving fire ignited by the gas. It is impossible to define what really went into the chamber and the lower section of the chamber there is a slot for adding firewood. The Nazis as we know them were a brutal community that did not feel mercy and it is obvious that they designed the machine to deal with the traitors. It was a permanent structure due to the heaviness of the material used in the construction mainly metal. I think the chimney was meant to let the smoke into the air as burning human remains have a really bad and awful smell. The interview was an interesting revelation into the past lives of those that found themselves caught in the crossfire of the warring countries. The interview shed a lot of light on the experiences that the people had to go through and bear with the harsh and brutal tyrannies of the Nazis and it provided some form of clarity into the issues that were somehow controversial. I think the interview was indeed educative and promoted comparative studies into documented historical and chronological data into events that unfolded during these

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From War to War, the world in the years 1918-1939 - Essay Example The U.S., being the only Western country with an economy nearly unaffected by the war was in a position to assist the war-torn nations. It supplied loans to Germany and Austria, the losing parties in the Great War. Germany and Austria, on the other hand, were obliged to pay reparations to France and Great Britain. Both Great Britain and France, for their part, had to repay the U.S. which had provided them with loans in the duration of World War I. In such situation, the U.S. financial institutions saw that investments in Europe had become no longer viable and they were prompted to pull out their funds out of the continent, leaving Germany and Austria in serious economic turmoil. The U.S too suffered greatly in the economic sphere. For a time, its agricultural sector grew while there was virtually no competition from Europe, which has yet to recover from the war. However, when Europe’s farmers began to produce the same agricultural products as the Americans came up with, an ove rproduction occurred. The crisis of overproduction eventually led into the downfall of a great number of farms and agricultural enterprises. As the stock market crashed in 1929, industrial and commercial activities came to a slowdown, depriving hundreds of thousands of workers of their jobs. The market contracted further and resulted in more joblessness. This was because â€Å"consumer demand no longer sufficed to purchase all the goods that businesses produced, and when business realized that could not sell their inventories, they responded with cutbacks in production and additional layoffs† (Bentley & Ziegler, 2011, p.986). As America suffered great setbacks in its economy, a chapter in history called the Great Depression, the countries in Europe also began to experience worse economic crisis. Among those that bore the brunt is Germany. As the Great Depression wreaked havoc on the U.S. and other countries of Western Europe, the Soviet Union managed to pursue more seriously its own socialist economic programs. The Great Depression was pointed out as a sign that capitalism is a bankrupt system and that socialism is the only path towards economic development. Both V.I. Lenin and Josef Stalin were able to initiate programs that aimed to industrialize the Soviet Union, less concerned this time with external threats coming from the weakened West. Lenin, however, was pragmatic as he considered certain aspects in the economy that should bear the hallmarks of capitalist system at least for a certain period of time. Through the New Economic Policy or NEP, â€Å"large industries, banks, and transportation and communications facilities remained under state control, but the government returned small-scale industries (those with fewer than twenty workers) to private ownership† (Bentley & Ziegler, 2011, p.992). When Lenin died, however, his successor Stalin, decided to hasten the construction of a purely socialist state. He did so by overturning the NEP and i nitiating the collectivization of agriculture. The objective was apparently to bolster the efforts in national industrialization. However, Stalin’s policy led to the alienation of many peasants, especially the kulaks who benefitted much from the NEP. Discontent grew and many began to oppose the Stalin’s government. In response to this, Stalin used the full force of the state and the Communist Party in running after individuals who are suspected of opposing the policies

Analysis of Ryanair Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Ryanair Essay Ryanair established in 1985 carrying more than 5,000 passengers between its route Waterford Airport in Ireland to London Gatwick during its first year. The company expanded by 1989 had 350 employees, 14 aircraft and carrying more than 600,000 passengers a year. In 1997 there were dramatic changes in the European airline industry with deregulation of European Union air transportation allowed airlines to open new routes into Europe. The European Low fares association reported that low fares airlines are carrying more passengers than before with an increasing number of destinations in Europe set to increase from 38% to 53% in European travel (elfaa. com, 2011). Ryanair took advantage from the deregulation with routes from London Stansted to Stockholm, Oslo and Paris. By 2001 Ryanair launched its own travel website and within 3 months received 50,000 bookings (Ryanair.com, 2011). The report will focus on the low cost industry environment by identifying the opportunities and threats as well as five forces of the external environment. The report will also identify the strengths and weaknesses of Ryanair. Part 1: Low cost Airline industry The low cost airline industry has become the most profitable with all segments in the market with low prices and high load factors. This strategy has been challenged since the 1990s with the liberalization of services allowing new entrants to compete for business (Economist.com, 2011). The low cost airline industry operates all activities by reducing costs in order to gain strategic success and competitive advantage. This approach has a lot of opportunities as well as threats. Political Governments in the UK have the highest tax compared to Germany with a $1.3bn departure tax and Austria’s similar $119m duty tax (Independent.co.uk, 2011). The threat of passengers paying higher prices as a result of increased tax for their airline tickets can lower profits for airlines. This can affect low cost airlines such as Ryanair and Easyjet as the higher taxes cut profits for the company for example Easyjet stated they had lost  £21m of its  £153m in 2011 (IATA.com, 2011). Acts of terrorism can also be a major threat to the airline industry. Initiating further routes is an opportunity for low cost airlines to other destinations in Europe with its growing economy and additional 15 EU countries that joined in 2004 such as Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Latvia can offer new opportunities for new routes to increase the number of passengers(Delfmann, 2005). There has also been a threat with the plans to sell Stansted airport, the main location for low budget airlines after the Competition Commission to reduce its dominance in the market. This will bring greater competition to low cost airlines and benefit passengers with more low fare airlines from regional airports such as Gatwick and Stansted competing more (Telegraph.co.uk/travel, 2011). Economic The threat of rising oil prices caused global airlines to lose $16 billion in profits which did rebound in 2010 with higher traffic. The threat continues with oil prices averaging $110 a barrel and estimated to further increases in the industry’s fuel bill which will rise from $10 billion to $176 billion (Bangkokpost.com, 2011). This threat has also been warned by Willie Walsh, the chief executive of British Airways and Iberia who cautioned that European carriers have to bear the impact of the high fuel costs with some operators having to go out of business (Guardian.co.uk, 2011). The recession in 2008 resulted in travelers seeking cheaper fares and led to growth in sales for budget airlines. This opportunity during recession allows budget airlines to take advantage and of more travelers seeking low fares with budget airlines rather than more expensive airline tickets. With the higher oil prices, natural disasters in Japan, discontent in the Middle East, North Africa and can force competitors in the airline industry to increase prices and fuel surcharges which pose major threats to airlines profits and survival of airlines. Social The growth in demand for passengers seeking low cost airlines for cheaper fares is an opportunity for budget airlines. People are living a better standard of life with declining inequality of incomes made up mostly of middle class income people. People are also more well-travelled, experienced and seek new destinations with the growth of vacation property (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2009). This is an opportunity as budget airlines frequently service short haul destinations for short trips or weekend trips for leisure or business purposes offering more destinations and new experiences to people with low fares. Migration has also made commuting a factor with people seeking employment opportunities and education as a motive for travelling as well as the rising quality standards has shown to expect growth for low cost airlines (Gross and Schrà ¶der, 2007). There are significant opportunities for low cost airlines that can benefit from the demand of increasing passenger from various destinations and purposes. Many people also seeking new destinations is a good opportunity for budget airlines to increase passenger numbers and revenue by providing different destinations of regional airports. Technological The increasing popularity of information technology is an opportunity for low budget airlines as they don’t use travel agents to sell tickets and allows consumers to be informed about schedules, compare prices and itineraries as well as flights with other airlines (Pease etl al., 2007). The new ‘saddle seat’ which is designed to allow 23 inches of legroom compared to 30 inches on a normal seat space and shaped to sit at an angle increase the number of seat for an airline (Telegraph.co.uk/travel, 2011). The seats offer an opportunity for low budget airlines such as Ryanair and Easyjet to allow more storage space and more passengers in a plane which can increase revenues. The opportunities in technology allows airlines to take advantage of potential revenues with the internet offering direct marketing for customers and value added service by bringing offers to the customers directly. The opportunities for of the new seats can offer planes to fit more passengers and is a further potential a growth in revenue for budget airlines. Legal The airline industry has considerable regulations with issues concerning legislation and guidelines. For example low cost airlines have aggressive advertising campaigns to emphasize low fares which have become an issue with consumer protection legislation. Separate details of surcharges such as government tax, airport tax and fuel surcharge have to be included so that it does not consumers are not misinterpreted and misunderstood when buying a ticket. This is a threat to low cost airlines as it disregards the concept of low fares with all the taxes passed on by governments and aviation authorities. Low cost airlines can be substantially threatened with EU regulations and laws which can lower profits and damage the reputation of an airline with a negative image. Environmental Natural disasters such as the 2010 Iceland Volcano which caused 14,000 Ryanair flights cancelled. Costs of the 2010 Iceland disruption to the global airline industry soared to  £1.1bn according to estimates from the International Air Transport Association (Iata) (Guardian.co.uk, 2010). This threat to the airline industry faced by natural disasters such as the Iceland volcano can occur at any time and stop people from travelling costing airlines major disruptions with delays or cancellations. Emissions used by the airline industry have been increasingly growing rapidly over recent years, increasing 98% between 1990 and 2006 with predications of further increases to another 88% by 2050. This threat to the aviation industry enforcing airlines to pay for carbon dioxide and lower profits (Ftadviser.com, 2011). Porter’s five forces Porter points out the five forces which consist of bargaining power of suppliers, buyers, threat of potential new entrants and threat of substitutes to the industry. A company can adapt to the forces in order to increase chances of gaining sustainable competitive advantage and profitability. In understanding the strategic decisions a company has to make, it can be useful to look at the five forces of rivalry amongst the firm, substitution, new entry, the power of customers and the power of suppliers. Figure 1.1: Porters five forces Source: (Fouris and Oswald, 2006) Barriers of entry: to obtain aircrafts is extremely expensive and acquiring a basis at airports is also difficult (Gross and Schrà ¶der, 2007). With the success of Southwest airlines and deregulation and liberalization of the airline industry has allowed 40 budget airlines in the airline such as Easy Jet. This level is high as a result of these factors. Substitution- for the short haul flights, the substitute products include car, train and boat services. Travelling by train is clearly a substitute choice for travellers as it is high speed or travelling by car with the many motorway links available can have an impact. Technology can also be a substitute, for example business travellers may choose to conference skype calls over the internet. This level is moderate as flying is the main method of travelling long distances at a shorter time. Bargaining power of buyers: consumers can now purchase their own tickets from low cost airlines and can choose airlines with for higher level of quality, better service and lower price. Customers have the power to easily switch to another product that have lower prices with the ease of the internet (Hitt, et al, 2008). This popularity of comparison internet sites allows passengers to compare flight prices and choose the lowest cost airline of their choice. Therefore to survive with these intense factors airlines have to provide lowest fares to attract customers which is important for budget airlines and as a result the power of buyers is high as they consumers choose lowest fares causing risk of survival to an airline. Bargaining power of suppliers: Airlines rely heavily on the inputs for the company to survive which would be fuel, materials for the planes, services and manpower. Airlines either use Boeing or Airbus together with high maintenance fees, training staff. Additionally with the increase of cost for fuel to $50bn in 2011 resulted in travelers paying higher prices for tickets (Reuters.com, 2011). Therefore these inputs have high bargaining power over airlines as it can affect profits of an airline substantially. Competitor rivalry: may occur from price competition, product differentiation, advertising against other competitors is likely to affect the business (Bowhill, 2008). The intense rivalry occurs between low fares carriers are Ryanair, Easyjet and the carriers that provide ‘frills’ service with lower fares are British Midland Airways. Rivals also have to invest high capital investment and have a unique selling point to attract a large majority of customers and offer significant discounts and special offers. According the annual reports of Ryanair and Easy Jet, in 2010 Ryanair carried over 66 million passengers in comparison to Easy Jet carrying just 34 million. Therefore the airline’s low cost model delivers increased revenue and passenger growth as customers seek cheaper flights and benefit from price wars between airline fares. However budget airlines are still affected by rivalry with Ryanair and Easy Jet competing for customers flying with no frills airlines and the level of competitor rivalry is moderate. Conclusion Finally the analysis has demonstrated the attractiveness for the budget airline based on the ease of entry regulations and with the low expenditure costs lower than charter airlines that provide more service. The unstable environment has led to an increase in fuel costs with airlines paying heavily for their supply and in contrast the unpredictable economic environment has caused consumers to spend less and look for cheaper travel and prefer budget airlines such as Ryanair. Even though there is intense rivalry between airlines, budget airlines have an attractive strategy with more airlines using the low cost model to compete for passengers. Part 2: Internal analysis The internal factors of Ryanair’s concerns strengths and weaknesses to assess the extent to which the strategies for the airline in order to be successful, these summarizes the internal business environment and the capabilities (Johnson et al., 2002). The strengths of Ryanair are: The company has a successful low cost model benefitting from low expenses by using staff to clean the plane, passengers have to pay to print boarding pass reducing the need for staff at check in desks and take advantage of the internet to sell tickets. Ryanair’s low fares are aimed at encouraging demand especially with price sensitive leisure and business travellers that might choose alternative forms of transport method. Ryanair have set fares on the basis of demand on particular flights with higher fares on flights that have the highest demand for bookings booked nearer to the date of departure. Ryanairs competitors also do not operate on comparison sites and save commission or fees to other comparison websites. The company loses fewer bags and with 88% punctual flights compared to competitor’s ant explains why the company is a favorite airline for customers with over 73 million passengers in 2010 (Ryanair.com, Annual report 2010). Flights to secondary airports: the company offers point to point service on short haul flights to secondary and regional airports around the major hub centers and cities. The point to point routes rather than hub airports allow the company to provide direct nonstop flights and avoid the costs of providing services through connecting passengers, baggage transfers and transit passenger assistant costs. By choosing secondary locations allows convenience for a large majority of the population and is generally less crowded than in major airports. This has also resulted in on time flights, faster turnaround times, less terminal delays as well as more competitive airport access and handling costs or operating restrictions that can reduce expenses (Ryanair Annual Report, 2010). Low operating costs: Ryanair maintain low operating costs as a low budget airline company and aims to reduce costs in main areas which include: aircraft equipment, personnel productivity, customer service costs and airport access and handling costs. Weaknesses Ryanair have been negatively perceived as arrogant as the company does not take into consideration the competition by putting other low fares airlines out of business creating a bad image with negative media. Ryanair is viewed as not caring too much about customer needs or problems which reflect O’Leary’s opinion that customers pay low prices and get a good deal therefore should expect low standards. There have also been complaints for the extra payments for fees and taxes as well as paying higher prices for stowing luggage and onboard food and beverage. The company has also come across as having a negative reputation by having underpaid staff that are disciplined for any mistakes, work long hours and unhappy staff with staff (itfglobal.org, 2011). The company also charges  £5 for every purchase using bank card,  £40 for printing a boarding pass at the airport and  £100 for changing the name on the booking. Therefore customers often have to pay a lot more than they expected which makes Ryanair’s image appear dishonest (Ryanair.com, 2011). Porters value chain The generic strategies are concerned with the strategies of the company and at the micro level by exploring Porters model of the value chain. The value chain classifies the activities of the company and divided into primary and support activities used to identify the cost leadership strategy as illustrated in appendices b. The core competencies of Ryanair consist of maximizing revenues whilst providing a no frills low cost strategy and keeping logistics simple. This is maintained by Ryanair’s capability to lower operating costs such as aggressive online booking reducing the cost of staff and operate in secondary airports using Boeing 737-800. Through simple services and investing less on employees, Ryanair core competencies provide effective and efficient resource management. The primary activities involved in the inbound logistics of Ryanair consist of its 272 Boeing 737-800 planes that can carry 189 people and agreements to secondary airports. Ryanair have contract agreements with these large aircrafts with the ability to fly long hours and do not charge fuel surcharge (Ryanair.co.uk, 2010). Operations: Ryanair have lower unit costs as part of its operation and save costs through lower handling fees, landing fees in secondary airports and fast turnaround times with the capacity to utilize the aircraft at a shorter time. Ryanair operate in 1,110 routes and 1,400 flights a day from 44 bases. The efficiency of its operation supports the low cost strategy position with fast turnaround times, no meals on board and improved employee productivity (Ryanair.com, 2010). Financial analysis The strengths of Ryanair are quite clear. The company has been profitable with an increase in profits of 26% to â‚ ¬401m and operating profit increase by 28% to â‚ ¬516.2m in 2011. The figure below illustrates how the company increased passengers by 8% and revenue 16% by 2010. Figure 2.1: Summary Table of results (IFRS) in Euro Source: (Ryanair.com, 2011) Figure 2.2: Summary table for EasyJet Source: (Easyjet.com, 2011) As seen from the tables above it can be clear to differentiate the profit revenues. Profit after tax for Ryanair in 2010 was â‚ ¬138 million and for Easyjet was just  £121 million. Revenue for Easyjet in 2010 was  £2, 973 million in 2010 and  £2, 66 million in 2009 compared to Ryanair’s revenue in 2010  £18 million and  £16 million in 2009. According to Ryanair’s annual reports, revenues rose by 16% to â‚ ¬896.8m due to an 8% rise in traffic and a 5% increase in average fares in 2010. Ryanair has been able to gain a growth in revenue even during the financial recession which had a significant effect on other major airlines resulting in bankruptcy and closure. Due to its cost efficient methods through increased passenger traffic with its new routes and low prices Ryanair has been able to uphold its place as the number one low cost carrier. This difference also shows in Ryanair’s current ratio at 1.79 in 2010 compared to Easy jet only gaining 1.33. Conclusion From the internal analysis it is clear to see Ryanair’s low costs strategy means it is less affected than its competitors with its cost leadership. This has required the company to gain a large market share whereby it has purchased large quantities of planes and low cost operations has made shown that cost leadership is the only way to work for the future and globally. Ryanair has built a low cost culture however still needs to pay close attention to the external environmental factors including governmental policies and increased cost of fuel. The core cost savings mentioned has made the company highly successful with its short haul routes with standardized no frills services, higher seating density and its ticketless reservation system. Ryanair have succeeded by becoming a successful airline in Europe with the Southwest airline model and managed to grow its market segment of price sensitive customers through its no frills service. Bibliography Afuah, A. (2009) Strategic Innovation: New Game Strategies for Competitive Advantage. New York: Routledge. Beech, J. and Chadwick, S. (2006) The business of tourism management. 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